Computer I/O (Input output) and Auxiliary storage devices

The computer I/O (Input-output) and Auxiliary storage device

Input/ Output device

An I/O device, an input/output device is any hardware used by a human operator or other systems to communicate with a computer. As the name suggests, input/output devices are capable of sending data to a computer and receiving data from a computer.

Examples of input/output devices:

·         CD-R/RW, DVD, and Blu-ray drive
·         Floppy diskette drive
·         Hard drives
·         Modem
·         Network adapter
·         SD Card
·         Touch screen
·         USB thumb drives

CD-R: CD-R is short for CD-Recordable and is a writable disc and drive that is capable of having information written to the disc once and then having that disc read many times after that. If the data is not written to the disc properly, it cannot be corrected and is often jokingly referred to as a coaster. The first recordable specification (CD-WO) was published in 1989 by Philips and Sony in the Orange Book. However, the drives were not popularized until Hewlett Packard released the HP 4020i in September 1995, which was the first sub $1,000.00 recordable disc drive.

CD-Rs are a low-cost solution for backing up software and only costs a few cents (as of 2010 around 17-cents a disc) and can hold up to 650 MB (74 minutes of music) or 700MB (80 minutes of music). Although these are still a very popular solution for backing up data, more users are turning to DVD-R and USB thumb drives to backup and transfer their data today.

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"How does the CD-R work?"

A CD-R disc is coated with a photosensitive organic dye that allows a user to record information. Once the CD-R disc is placed within the computer, the recording process begins. The laser inside the drive heats the dye to reveal areas that diffuse the light like a traditional CD pit. The CD-R drive does not create pits on the CD; instead, the burner creates reflective sections on the CD causing the computer's CD-ROM laser to interpret it as a pit. Once a CD-R disc is finished recording, the CD can be used in any standard CD-ROM, CD-R, CD-RW, or DVD drive. Although there were issues with the first revision DVD drives reading CD-R disc, today's drives no longer suffer from any reading

DVD: Short for Digital Versatile Disc or Digital Video Disc, a DVD or DVD-ROM, is a disc capable of storing large amounts of data on one disc the size of a standard Compact Disc. CD/DVD drives were first sold in 1997, today they are widely used for storing and viewing movies and other data. To play DVDs on a computer, you must have a DVD drive and software DVD player. The picture is an example of what a DVD movie may look like, in this example it is a picture of the Matrix movie.

How much data can a DVD hold?

There are several capacities a single DVD disc is capable of holding. Below is a listing of the different types of DVDs and each of their total capacity.

One of the most common DVD's is the single-sided, single-layer disc, capable of holding 4.7 GB.

· The single-sided, double-layer disc is capable of holding between 8.5-8.7 GB.

· The double-sided, single-layer disc is capable of holding 9.4 GB.

· Although rare, the double-sided, double-layer disc is capable of holding up to 17.08 GB.

What is the difference between a DVD and a CD?

Physically, a DVD and CD look the same. Both discs are the same size and typically have one side with a label and the other side that the laser reads unless it is a double-sided DVD. However, the technology that makes up a DVD allows for the same size disc to hold a lot more data than a CD.

What DVD player should I get to play DVD movies?

We recommend VLC, it's a free and open-source media player that works on Windows, Mac, and Linux.

Can DVD drives read CDs?

Yes, all DVD drives are CD/DVD drives which means they can read both CD and DVDs. If you have a DVD burner, it will be capable of reading and writing CDs, DVDs, CD-Rs, CD-RWs, and writable DVDs.

What was the first DVD?

The movie Twister became the first feature film put on DVD on March 25, 1996.

The future of DVD?

DVD's are still very popular and widely used. However, more recent technologies like Blu-ray discs and streaming services like Netflix and other cloud services DVD sales and usage have been on a steep decline.

BD (Blu-ray Disc)

Short for Blu-ray Disc, BD or BD-ROM, is an optical disc format developed by thirteen consumer electronics and PC companies. These companies include Dell, Hitachi, Hewlett Packard, LG, Mitsubishi, Panasonic, Sony, and TDK. Blu-ray was first introduced at the CES on January 4, 2006, and can store up to 25 GB single-layer disc and 50 GB on a dual-layer disc, each disc being the same size as a standard CD. The picture shows a blue laser in a Blu-ray disc player.

Today, Blu-ray was first backed by Apple, Dell, Philips, Pioneer, Sony, Sun, TDK, and other companies mentioned above. On February 19, 2008, Blu-ray beat out HD DVD in the high-definition disc format wars on after HD DVD called it quits.

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FDD; (Floppy Disk Drive)

A Floppy Disk Drive, also called FDD or FD for short, is a computer disk drive that enables a user to save data to removable diskettes. Although 8" disk drives were first made available in 1971, the first real disk drives used were the 5 1/4" floppy disk drives, which were later replaced with the 3 1/2" floppy disk drives.
A 5 1/4" floppy disk was capable of storing between 360 KB and 1.2 MB of data, and the 3 1/2" floppy disk was capable of storing between 360 KB and 1.44 MB of data. For both sides of a floppy disk, the amount of data that could be stored was dependent on whether the disk was single or double sided and whether the disk was regular or high density.

Today, due to their extremely limited capacity, computers no longer come equipped with floppy disk drives. This technology has largely been replaced with CD-R, DVD-R, and flash drives.

Above is an example of each of the different floppy drives. As can be seen, the size of the floppy drive and the diskettes they use have decreased over time.

What are I/O device errors?

Because most hardware devices do not require input and output communication with the computer, most IO devices are storage devices. So, when you encounter an I/O error or I/O device error it is typically an indication that the operating system cannot read or write to a device. Reasons why you may get an IO device error:

· Write protection is enabled. For example, if write-protection on an SD card.

· Trying to write to a disc that is not writable. For example, trying to burn to a CD and not a CD-R disc.

· No more disk space.

· The file is being used by another user or program on the computer.

· Not enough rights or permissions to read or write.

· No physical or virtual connection.

· Bad or missing drivers preventing the drive from being accessed.

· Failing or bad hardware.

What can fix I/O errors?

Depending on what device is giving you the I/O error can change how to troubleshoot these errors. If you are not certain what device is giving you the error, follow the general troubleshooting steps. Otherwise, try following the specific steps for the device giving you the error.

General troubleshooting for I/O errors:-

· Reboot the computer.

· Make sure you have all of the latest drivers for your devices.

· If you are using Microsoft Windows, make sure there are no errors in Device Manager.

· If you have recently moved the computer, open the computer and make sure the cables inside the computer are firmly connected.

Troubleshooting I/O errors with removable media:- With removable media such as a floppy diskette, CD's, or SD cards I/O errors may be occurring because the removable media you are using has failed. The best way to quickly determine if this is the cause is to try an alternative. For example, if you are getting an I/O error with a disc, try another disc in the computer to see if you get the same error. If the same error occurs, then you have a problem with the drive. If you can read another disc with no errors, then it may be a bad or dirty disc.

If you are using a removable media such as a floppy diskette or SD card, make sure it is not write protected if you are trying to write information to the diskette or card.

If you are trying to burn (write) information to a CD-R disc, make sure you are using a new disc. If the disc has been closed, you cannot write any more information to that disc.
Troubleshooting I/O errors occurring when accessing a network file:-

Any I/O error encountered when trying to read or write a file over the network is caused by either a permission error or a connection issue. Make sure your connection works by trying to read/write another file in a different location. If the connection appears to be good then it is likely you either lack the proper rights or the file is in use and has been locked.

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